Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Antimicrobial Activities of Chemokines: Not Just a Side-Effect?

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00213

Figure Lengend Snippet: Structural characteristics predict CXCL14 as an antimicrobial peptide . (A) CXCL14 has structural similarities to both the defensin family (anti-parallel β-sheets) and the cathelicidins (C-terminally located α-helix). In addition, antimicrobial peptides and CXCL14 comprise high p I values. (B) CXCL14 exhibits high amino acid sequence conservation throughout evolution; 97.4% identity with mouse, 63.6% both with chicken and fish. Red arrow heads denote cationic amino acid residues.

Article Snippet: CXCL14 protein was also detected in rat and murine neurons (Schmid et al., ; Yamamoto et al., ) and recently, was proposed to be involved in inhibiting the effects of synaptically released GABA (Banisadr et al., ).

Techniques: Sequencing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Antimicrobial Activities of Chemokines: Not Just a Side-Effect?

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00213

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antimicrobial activities of chemokines .

Article Snippet: CXCL14 protein was also detected in rat and murine neurons (Schmid et al., ; Yamamoto et al., ) and recently, was proposed to be involved in inhibiting the effects of synaptically released GABA (Banisadr et al., ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Virus

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Antimicrobial Activities of Chemokines: Not Just a Side-Effect?

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00213

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antimicrobial activity of CXCL14 during superficial injuries in human skin . During bacterial infections, Langerhans cells (LC), dermal DC (DDC), and other sentinel cells of the skin produce inflammatory chemokines in response to microbial stimuli, which immediately attract neutrophil and monocytes/macrophages from circulation. DC also take up and process microbes and emigrate to draining lymph nodes as a consequence of microbe-induced DC maturation. Subsequent effector T cells are recruited to the site of microbial infection. The combination of innate and adaptive immune responses may exacerbate tissue inflammation. We propose that the high levels of CXCL14 in the epidermis neutralize microbes that enter the skin during micro-injuries and dermal macrophages then clean-up bacterial debris. This instant antimicrobial system safeguards the skin from excessive cellular immune responses, thereby contributing to the maintenance of tissue integrity.

Article Snippet: CXCL14 protein was also detected in rat and murine neurons (Schmid et al., ; Yamamoto et al., ) and recently, was proposed to be involved in inhibiting the effects of synaptically released GABA (Banisadr et al., ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Infection

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Exosomal CXCL14 Contributes to M2 Macrophage Polarization through NF- κ B Signaling in Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1155/2022/7616696

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinicopathological features of PC patients and their relationship with CXCL14 expression.

Article Snippet: Small interfering RNAs against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) and a random negative siRNA (si-NC) were synthesized by RiboBio Co. (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Exosomal CXCL14 Contributes to M2 Macrophage Polarization through NF- κ B Signaling in Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1155/2022/7616696

Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCL14 was highly expressed in PC tumor tissues. (a) The mRNA expression of CXCL14 in 28 pairs of PC tumor tissues and adjacent benign tissues (control). (b) The protein expression of CXCL14 in PC tumor tissues and adjacent benign tissues. The data were obtained from the immunohistochemistry assay. Scale bar: 20 μ m. (c) The plasma level of CXCL14 in PC patients and healthy individuals, as detected by ELISA assay. (d) Subcellular localization of CXCL14. Scale bar: 25 μ m. (e) The protein expressions of PD-L1 and IL-10 in PC tissue with high CXCL14 expression (≥50%) or low CXCL14 expression (<50%). The data were obtained from the immunohistochemistry assay. Scale bar: 20 μ m. (f) Pearson correlation analysis for the expressions of CXCL14 and PD-L1. (g) Pearson correlation analysis for the expressions of CXCL14 and IL-10. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Small interfering RNAs against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) and a random negative siRNA (si-NC) were synthesized by RiboBio Co. (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Immunohistochemistry, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Exosomal CXCL14 Contributes to M2 Macrophage Polarization through NF- κ B Signaling in Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1155/2022/7616696

Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCL14 knockdown inhibited PC cell progression. (a) The mRNA expressions of CXCL14 and PD-L1 in PC LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with siRNA against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) or siRNA negative control (si-NC). (b) The protein expressions of CXCL14 and PD-L1 in PC LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with siRNA against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) or siRNA negative control (si-NC). (c) CCK-8 assay for LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with si-NC or si-CXCL14. (d) Colony formation assay for LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with si-NC or si-CXCL14. (e) Flow cytometry analysis for LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with si-NC or si-CXCL14. (f) Wound healing assay for LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with si-NC or si-CXCL14. (g) Transwell invasion assay for LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with si-NC or si-CXCL14. Scale bar: 25 μ m; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Small interfering RNAs against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) and a random negative siRNA (si-NC) were synthesized by RiboBio Co. (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Knockdown, Negative Control, CCK-8 Assay, Colony Assay, Flow Cytometry, Wound Healing Assay, Transwell Invasion Assay

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Exosomal CXCL14 Contributes to M2 Macrophage Polarization through NF- κ B Signaling in Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1155/2022/7616696

Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCL14 knockdown inhibited M2 macrophage polarization in PC. (a) The mRNA expression of M2 macrophage marker CD206 in PMA-pretreated THP-1 cells (M0), IL-4- and IL-13-treated M0 cells (M2), and M0 cells treated with PC cells with or without CXCL14 knockdown. (b) The mRNA expression of M2 macrophage-associated gene IL-10 in M0, M2, and M0 macrophage treated with PC cells with or without CXCL14 knockdown. (c) Immunofluorescence assay for the mRNA expression of M2 macrophage-associated gene IL-10 in M0, M2, and M0 macrophage treated with PC cells with or without CXCL14 knockdown. Scale bar: 25 μ m. (d) The mRNA expression of M1 macrophage marker CD64 in PMA-pretreated THP-1 cells (M0), IFN- γ - and LPS-treated M0 cells (M1), and M0 cells treated with PC cells with or without CXCL14 knockdown. (e) The mRNA expression of M1 cytokines TNF- α in M0, M1, and M0 cells treated with PC cells with or without CXCL14 knockdown. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Small interfering RNAs against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) and a random negative siRNA (si-NC) were synthesized by RiboBio Co. (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Knockdown, Expressing, Marker, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Exosomal CXCL14 Contributes to M2 Macrophage Polarization through NF- κ B Signaling in Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1155/2022/7616696

Figure Lengend Snippet: Exosomes mediated the role of CXCL14 in M2 macrophage polarization. (a) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) for the morphology and size of exosomes derived from LNCaP cells. Scale bar: 100 μ m. (b) The protein expressions of exosomal markers CD81 and Hsp70 in LNCaP cell lysis or exosomes derived from LNCaP cells. (c) The protein expression of CXCL14 in PMA-pretreated THP-1 cells (M0) treated with PBS (NC) or exosomes derived from LNCaP cells. (d) Immunofluorescence assay for PMA-pretreated THP-1 cells (M0) treated with exosomes (red) derived from LNCaP cells. Scale bar: 25 μ m. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Small interfering RNAs against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) and a random negative siRNA (si-NC) were synthesized by RiboBio Co. (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Derivative Assay, Lysis, Expressing, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Exosomal CXCL14 Contributes to M2 Macrophage Polarization through NF- κ B Signaling in Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1155/2022/7616696

Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCL14 contributed to M2 macrophage polarization through NF- κ B signaling. (a) The mRNA expressions of I κ B α and NF- κ B in PMA-pretreated THP-1 cells (M0) coculturing with LNCaP cells with or without CXCL14 knockdown. (b) The protein expression of NF- κ B in M0 macrophages coculturing with LNCaP cells with or without CXCL14 knockdown. (c) The mRNA expressions of IL-10 and TNF- α in M0 macrophages treated with LNCaP cells without CXCL14 knockdown, LNCaP cells with CXCL14 knockdown, or LNCaP cells with CXCL14 knockdown plus NF- κ B signaling activator betulinic acid (BA). (d) The mRNA expressions of IL-10 and TNF- α in M0 macrophages treated with LNCaP cells without CXCL14 knockdown, LNCaP cells with CXCL14 knockdown, or LNCaP cells with CXCL14 knockdown plus NF- κ B signaling inhibitor JSH-23. (e) Wound healing assay for LNCaP cells treated with si-NC, si-CXCL14, or si-CXCL14 plus BA. Scale bar: 25 μ m. (f) Transwell invasion assay for LNCaP and PC-3 cells treated with si-NC, si-CXCL14, or si-CXCL14 plus BA. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Small interfering RNAs against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) and a random negative siRNA (si-NC) were synthesized by RiboBio Co. (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Knockdown, Expressing, Wound Healing Assay, Transwell Invasion Assay

Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Article Title: Exosomal CXCL14 Contributes to M2 Macrophage Polarization through NF- κ B Signaling in Prostate Cancer

doi: 10.1155/2022/7616696

Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCL14 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo. (a) Representative image of tumor tissues. (b) The volume of tumor tissues of PC xenografts mice treated with siRNA against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) or siRNA negative control (si-NC). (c) The protein expressions of CXCL14, PD-L1, and IL-10 in tumor tissues of xenografts mice treated with si-CXCL14 or si-NC. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Small interfering RNAs against CXCL14 (si-CXCL14) and a random negative siRNA (si-NC) were synthesized by RiboBio Co. (Guangzhou, China).

Techniques: Knockdown, In Vivo, Negative Control